---
layout: docs
page_title: Connect - UI Visualization
description: |-
  This page describes how to set up and customize the Service Mesh Topology
  visualization in Consul's UI.
---

# UI Visualization

Since Consul 1.9.0, Consul's built in UI includes a topology visualization to
show a service's immediate connectivity at a glance. It is not intended as a
replacement for dedicated monitoring solutions, but rather as a quick overview
of the state of a service and its connections within the Service Mesh.

The topology visualization requires services to be using [Consul
Connect](/docs/connect) via [side-car proxies](/docs/connect/proxies).

The visualization may optionally be configured to include a link to an external
per-service dashboard. This is designed to provide convenient deep links to your
existing monitoring or Application Performance Monitoring (APM) solution for
each service. More information can be found in [Configuring Dashboard
URLs](#configuring-dashboard-urls).

It is possible to configure the UI to fetch basic metrics from your metrics
provider storage to augment the visualization as displayed below.

![Consul UI Service Mesh Visualization](/img/ui-service-topology-view.png)

Consul has built-in support for overlaying metrics from a
[Prometheus](https://prometheus.io) backend. Alternative metrics providers may
be supported using a new and experimental JavaScript API. See [Custom Metrics
Providers](#custom-metrics-providers).

## Kubernetes

If running Consul in Kubernetes, the Helm chart can automatically configure Consul's UI to display topology
visualizations. See our [Kubernetes observability docs](/docs/k8s/connect/observability/metrics) for more information.

## Configuring the UI To Display Metrics

To configure Consul's UI to fetch metrics there are two required configuration settings.
These need to be set on each Consul Agent that is responsible for serving the
UI. If there are multiple clients with the UI enabled in a datacenter for
redundancy these configurations must be added to all of them.

We assume that the UI is already enabled by setting
[`ui_config.enabled`](/docs/agent/options#ui_config_enabled) to `true` in the
agent's configuration file.

To use the built-in Prometheus provider
[`ui_config.metrics_provider`](/docs/agent/options#ui_config_metrics_provider)
must be set to `prometheus`.

The UI must query the metrics provider through a proxy endpoint. This simplifies
deployment where Prometheus is not exposed externally to UI user's browsers.

To set this up, provide the URL that the _Consul agent_ should use to reach the
Prometheus server in
[`ui_config.metrics_proxy.base_url`](/docs/agent/options#ui_config_metrics_proxy_base_url).
For example in Kubernetes, the Prometheus helm chart by default installs a
service named `prometheus-server` so each Consul agent can reach it on
`http://prometheus-server` (using Kubernetes' DNS resolution).

A full configuration to enable Prometheus is given below.

```hcl
ui_config {
  enabled = true
  metrics_provider = "prometheus"
  metrics_proxy {
    base_url = "http://prometheus-server"
  }
}
```

Similarly, to configure the UI on Kubernetes, use this [reference](/docs/k8s/connect/observability/metrics).

## Configuring Dashboard URLs

Since Consul's visualization is intended as an overview of your mesh and not a
comprehensive monitoring tool, you can configure a service dashboard URL
template which allows users to click directly through to the relevant
service-specific dashboard in an external tool like
[Grafana](https://grafana.com) or a hosted provider.

To configure this, you must provide a URL template in the [agent configuration
file](/docs/agent/options#ui_config_dashboard_url_templates) for all agents that
have the UI enabled. The template is essentially the URL to the external
dashboard, but can have placeholder values which will be replaced with the
service name, namespace and datacenter where appropriate to allow deep-linking
to the relevant information.

An example with Grafana is shown below.

<Tabs>
<Tab heading="HCL">

```hcl
ui_config {
  enabled = true
  dashboard_url_templates {
    service = "https://grafana.example.com/d/lDlaj-NGz/
      service-overview?orgId=1&var-service={{Service.Name}}&
      var-namespace={{Service.Namespace}}&var-dc={{Datacenter}}"
  }
}
```

-> **Note**: the URL is wrapped over multiple lines to make it easier to read
without horizontal scrolling in the example above however this needs to be a
normal single-line string value in an HCL configuration file.

</Tab>
<Tab heading="Kubernetes YAML">

On Kubernetes, Consul Server configuration is set in your Helm config via the
[`server.extraConfig`](/docs/k8s/helm#v-server-extraconfig) key as JSON:

```yaml
# The UI is enabled by default so this stanza is not required.
ui:
  enabled: true
server:
  extraConfig: |
    {
      "ui_config": {
        "dashboard_url_templates": {
          "service": "https://grafana.example.com/d/lDlaj-NGz/service-overview?orgId=1&var-service={{ "{{" }}Service.Name}}&var-namespace={{ "{{" }}Service.Namespace}}&var-dc={{ "{{" }}Datacenter}}"
        }
      }
    }
```

-> **Note**: The `{{` characters in the URL must be escaped using `{{ "{{" }}` so that Helm doesn't try to template them.

</Tab>
</Tabs>

![Consul UI Service Dashboard Link](/img/ui-dashboard-url-template.png)

### Metrics Proxy

In many cases the metrics backend may be inaccessible to UI user's browsers or
may be on a different domain and so subject to CORS restrictions. To make it
simpler to serve the metrics to the UI in these cases, the Consul agent can
proxy requests for metrics from the UI to the backend.

**This is intended to simplify setup in test and demo environments. Careful
consideration should be given towards using this in production.**

The simplest configuration is described in [Configuring the UI for
metrics](#configuring-the-ui-for-metrics).

#### Metrics Proxy Security

~> **Security Note**: Exposing a backend metrics service to potentially
un-authenticated network traffic via the proxy should be _carefully_ considered
in production.

The metrics proxy endpoint is internal and intended only for UI use. However by
enabling it anyone with network access to the agent's API port may use it to
access metrics from the backend.

**If ACLs are not enabled, full access to metrics will be exposed to
un-authenticated workloads on the network**.

With ACLs enabled, the proxy endpoint requires a valid token with read access
to all nodes and services (across all namespaces in Enterprise):

```hcl
# Consul OSS
service_prefix "" {
  policy = "read"
}
node_prefix "" {
  policy = "read"
}

# Consul Enterprise
namespace_prefix "" {
  service_prefix "" {
    policy = "read"
  }
  node_prefix "" {
    policy = "read"
  }
}
```

It's typical for most authenticated users to have this level of access in Consul
as it's required for viewing the catalog or discovering services. If you use a
[Single Sign-On integration](/docs/security/acl/auth-methods/oidc) (Consul
Enterprise) users of the UI can be automatically issued an ACL token with the
privileges above to be allowed access to the metrics through the proxy.

Even with ACLs enabled, the proxy endpoint doesn't deeply understand the query
language of the backend so there is no way it can enforce least-privilege access
to only specific service-related metrics.

_If you are not comfortable with all users of Consul having full access to the
metrics backend, you should not use the proxy and find an alternative like using
a custom provider that can query the metrics backend directly_.

##### Path Allowlist

To limit exposure of the metrics backend, paths must be explicitly added to an
allowlist to avoid exposing unintended parts of the API. For example with
Prometheus, both the `/api/v1/query_range` and `/api/v1/query` endpoints are
needed to load time-series and individual stats. If the proxy had the `base_url`
set to `http://prometheus-server` then the proxy would also expose read access
to several other endpoints such as `/api/v1/status/config` which includes all
Prometheus configuration which might include sensitive information.

If you use the built-in `prometheus` provider the proxy is limited to the
essential endpoints. The default value for `metrics_proxy.path_allowlist` is
`["/api/v1/query_range", "/api/v1/query"]` as required by the built-in
`prometheus` provider .

If you use a custom provider that uses the metrics proxy, you'll need to
explicitly set the allowlist based on the endpoints the provider needs to
access.

#### Adding Headers

It is also possible to configure the proxy to add one or more headers to
requests as they pass through. This is useful when the metrics backend requires
authentication. For example if your metrics are shipped to a hosted provider,
you could provision an API token specifically for the Consul UI and configure
the proxy to add it as in the example below. This keeps the API token only
visible to Consul operators in the configuration file while UI users can query
the metrics they need without separately obtaining a token for that provider or
having a token exposed to them that they might be able to use elsewhere.

```hcl
ui_config {
  enabled = true
  metrics_provider = "example-apm"
  metrics_proxy {
    base_url = "https://example-apm.com/api/v1/metrics"
    add_headers = [
      {
        name = "Authorization"
        value = "Bearer <token>"
      }
    ]
  }
}
```

## Custom Metrics Providers

Consul 1.9.0 includes a built-in provider for fetching metrics from
[Prometheus](https://prometheus.io). To enable the UI visualization feature
to work with other existing metrics stores and hosted services, we created a
"metrics provider" interface in JavaScript. A custom provider may be written and
the JavaScript file served by the Consul agent.

~> **Note**: this interface is _experimental_ and may change in breaking ways or
be removed entirely as we discover the needs of the community. Please provide
feedback on [GitHub](https://github.com/hashicorp/consul) or
[Discuss](https://discuss.hashicorp.com/) on how you'd like to use this.

The template for a complete provider JavaScript file is given below.

```JavaScript
(function () {
  var provider = {
    /**
     * init is called when the provider is first loaded.
     *
     * options.providerOptions contains any operator configured parameters
     * specified in the `metrics_provider_options_json` field of the Consul
     * agent configuration file.
     *
     * Consul will provide:
     *
     * 1. A boolean field options.metrics_proxy_enabled to indicate whether the
     *    agent has a metrics proxy configured.
     *
     * 2. A function options.fetch which is a thin wrapper around the browser's
     *    [Fetch API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API)
     *    that prefixes any url with the url of Consul's internal metrics proxy
     *    endpoint and adds your current Consul ACL token to the request
     *    headers. Otherwise it functions like the browser's native fetch.
     *
     * The provider should throw an Exception if the options are not valid, for
     * example because it requires a metrics proxy and one is not configured.
     */
    init: function(options) {},

    /**
     * serviceRecentSummarySeries should return time series for a recent time
     * period summarizing the usage of the named service in the indicated
     * datacenter. In Consul Enterprise a non-empty namespace is also provided.
     *
     * If these metrics aren't available then an empty series array may be
     * returned.
     *
     * The period may (later) be specified in options.startTime and
     * options.endTime.
     *
     * The service's protocol must be given as one of Consul's supported
     * protocols e.g. "tcp", "http", "http2", "grpc". If it is empty or the
     * provider doesn't recognize the protocol, it should treat it as "tcp" and
     * provide basic connection stats.
     *
     * The expected return value is a JavaScript promise which resolves to an
     * object that should look like the following:
     *
     *  {
     *    // The unitSuffix is shown after the value in tooltips. Values will be
     *    // rounded and shortened. Larger values will already have a suffix
     *    // like "10k". The suffix provided here is concatenated directly
     *    // allowing for suffixes like "mbps/kbps" by using a suffix of "bps".
     *    // If the unit doesn't make sense in this format, include a
     *    // leading space for example " rps" would show as "1.2k rps".
     *    unitSuffix: " rps",
     *
     *    // The set of labels to graph. The key should exactly correspond to a
     *    // property of every data point in the array below except for the
     *    // special case "Total" which is used to show the sum of all the
     *    // stacked graph values. The key is displayed in the tooltip so it
     *    // should be human-friendly but as concise as possible. The value is a
     *    // longer description that is displayed in the graph's key on request
     *    // to explain exactly what the metrics mean.
     *    labels: {
     *      "Total": "Total inbound requests per second.",
     *      "Successes": "Successful responses (with an HTTP response code ...",
     *      "Errors": "Error responses (with an HTTP response code in the ...",
     *    },
     *
     *    data: [
     *      {
     *        time: 1600944516286, // milliseconds since Unix epoch
     *        "Successes": 1234.5,
     *        "Errors": 2.3,
     *      },
     *      ...
     *    ]
     *  }
     *
     *  Every data point object should have a value for every series label
     *  (except for "Total") otherwise it will be assumed to be "0".
     */
    serviceRecentSummarySeries: function(serviceDC, namespace, serviceName, protocol, options) {},

    /**
     * serviceRecentSummaryStats should return four summary statistics for a
     * recent time period for the named service in the indicated datacenter. In
     * Consul Enterprise a non-empty namespace is also provided.
     *
     * If these metrics aren't available then an empty array may be returned.
     *
     * The period may (later) be specified in options.startTime and
     * options.endTime.
     *
     * The service's protocol must be given as one of Consul's supported
     * protocols e.g. "tcp", "http", "http2", "grpc". If it is empty or the
     * provider doesn't recognize it it should treat it as "tcp" and provide
     * just basic connection stats.
     *
     * The expected return value is a JavaScript promise which resolves to an
     * object that should look like the following:
     *
     *  {
          // stats is an array of stats to show. The first four of these will be
          // displayed. Fewer may be returned if not available.
     *    stats: [
     *      {
     *        // label should be 3 chars or fewer as an abbreviation
     *        label: "SR",
     *
     *        // desc describes the stat in a tooltip
     *        desc: "Success Rate - the percentage of all requests that were not 5xx status",
     *
     *        // value is a string allowing the provider to format it and add
     *        // units as appropriate. It should be as compact as possible.
     *        value: "98%",
     *      }
     *    ]
     *  }
     */
    serviceRecentSummaryStats: function(serviceDC, namespace, serviceName, protocol, options) {},

    /**
     * upstreamRecentSummaryStats should return four summary statistics for each
     * upstream service over a recent time period, relative to the named service
     * in the indicated datacenter. In Consul Enterprise a non-empty namespace
     * is also provided.
     *
     * Note that the upstreams themselves might be in different datacenters but
     * we only pass the target service DC since typically these metrics should
     * be from the outbound listener of the target service in this DC even if
     * the requests eventually end up in another DC.
     *
     * If these metrics aren't available then an empty array may be returned.
     *
     * The period may (later) be specified in options.startTime and
     * options.endTime.
     *
     * The expected return value is a JavaScript promise which resolves to an
     * object that should look like the following:
     *
     *   {
     *     stats: {
     *       // Each upstream will appear as an entry keyed by the upstream
     *       // service name. The value is an array of stats with the same
     *       // format as serviceRecentSummaryStats response.stats. Note that
     *       // different upstreams might show different stats depending on
     *       // their protocol.
     *       "upstream_name": [
     *         {label: "SR", desc: "...", value: "99%"},
     *         ...
     *       ],
     *       ...
     *     }
     *   }
     */
    upstreamRecentSummaryStats: function(serviceDC, namespace, serviceName, upstreamName, options) {},

    /**
     * downstreamRecentSummaryStats should return four summary statistics for
     * each downstream service over a recent time period, relative to the named
     * service in the indicated datacenter. In Consul Enterprise a non-empty
     * namespace is also provided.
     *
     * Note that the service may have downstreams in different datacenters. For
     * some metrics systems which are per-datacenter this makes it hard to query
     * for all downstream metrics from one source. For now the UI will only show
     * downstreams in the same datacenter as the target service. In the future
     * this method may be called multiple times, once for each DC that contains
     * downstream services to gather metrics from each. In that case a separate
     * option for target datacenter will be used since the target service's DC
     * is still needed to correctly identify the outbound clusters that will
     * route to it from the remote DC.
     *
     * If these metrics aren't available then an empty array may be returned.
     *
     * The period may (later) be specified in options.startTime and
     * options.endTime.
     *
     * The expected return value is a JavaScript promise which resolves to an
     * object that should look like the following:
     *
     *   {
     *     stats: {
     *       // Each downstream will appear as an entry keyed by the downstream
     *       // service name. The value is an array of stats with the same
     *       // format as serviceRecentSummaryStats response.stats. Different
     *       // downstreams may display different stats if required although the
     *       // protocol should be the same for all as it is the target
     *       // service's protocol that matters here.
     *       "downstream_name": [
     *         {label: "SR", desc: "...", value: "99%"},
     *         ...
     *       ],
     *       ...
     *     }
     *   }
     */
    downstreamRecentSummaryStats: function(serviceDC, namespace, serviceName, options) {}
  }

  // Register the provider with Consul for use. This example would be usable by
  // configuring the agent with `ui_config.metrics_provider = "example-provider".
  window.consul.registerMetricsProvider("example-provider", provider)

}());
```

Additionally, the built in [Prometheus
provider code](https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/blob/main/ui/packages/consul-ui/vendor/metrics-providers/prometheus.js)
can be used as a reference.

### Configuring the Agent With a Custom Metrics Provider.

In the example below, we configure the Consul agent to use a metrics provider
named `example-provider`, which is defined in
`/usr/local/bin/example-metrics-provider.js`. The name `example-provider` must
have been specified in the call to `consul.registerMetricsProvider` as in the
code listing in the last section.

```hcl
ui_config {
  enabled = true
  metrics_provider = "example-provider"
  metrics_provider_files = ["/usr/local/bin/example-metrics-provider.js"]
  metrics_provider_options_json = <<-EOT
    {
      "foo": "bar"
    }
  EOT
}
```

More than one JavaScript file may be specified in
[`metrics_provider_files`](/docs/agent/options#ui_config_metrics_provider_files)
and all we be served allowing flexibility if needed to include dependencies.
Only one metrics provider can be configured and used at one time.

The
[`metrics_provider_options_json`](/docs/agent/options#ui_config_metrics_provider_options_json)
field is an optional literal JSON object which is passed to the provider's
`init` method at startup time. This allows configuring arbitrary parameters for
the provider in config rather than hard coding them into the provider itself to
make providers more reusable.

The provider may fetch metrics directly from another source although in this
case the agent will probably need to serve the correct CORS headers to prevent
browsers from blocking these requests. These may be configured with
[`http_config.response_headers`](/docs/agent/options#response_headers).

Alternatively, the provider may choose to use the [built-in metrics
proxy](#metrics-proxy) to avoid cross domain issues or to inject additional
authorization headers without requiring each UI user to be separately
authenticated to the metrics backend.

A function that behaves like the browser's [Fetch
API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API) is provided to
the metrics provider JavaScript during `init` as `options.fetch`. This is a thin
wrapper that prefixes any url with the url of Consul's metrics proxy endpoint
and adds your current Consul ACL token to the request headers. Otherwise it
functions like the browser's native fetch and will forward your request on to the
metrics backend. The response will be returned without any modification to be
interpreted by the provider and converted into the format as described in the
interface above.

Provider authors should make it clear to users which paths are required so they
can correctly configure the [path allowlist](#path-allowlist) in the metrics
proxy to avoid exposing more than needed of the metrics backend.

### Custom Provider Security Model

Since the JavaScript file(s) are included in Consul's UI verbatim, the code in
them must be treated as fully trusted by the operator. Typically they will have
authored this or will need to carefully vet providers written by third parties.

This is equivalent to using the existing `-ui-dir` flag to serve an alternative
version of the UI - in either model the operator takes full responsibility for
the provenance of the code being served since it has the power to intercept ACL
tokens, access cookies and local storage for the Consul UI domain and possibly
more.

## Current Limitations

Currently there are some limitations to this feature.

- **No cross-datacenter support** The initial metrics provider integration is
  with Prometheus which is popular and easy to setup within one Kubernetes
  cluster. However, when using the Consul UI in a multi-datacenter deployment,
  the UI allows users to select any datacenter to view.

  This means that the Prometheus server that the Consul agent serving the UI can
  access likely only has metrics for the local datacenter and a full solution
  would need additional proxying or exposing remote Prometheus servers on the
  network in remote datacenters. Later we may support an easy way to set this up
  via Consul Connect but initially we don't attempt to fetch metrics in the UI
  if you are browsing a remote datacenter.

- **Built-in provider requires metrics proxy** Initially the built-in
  `prometheus` provider only support querying Prometheus via the [metrics
  proxy](#metrics-proxy). Later it may be possible to configure it for direct
  access to an expose Prometheus.
